Pig-heart
transplant raises ethical dilemma
Criminal record should have no bearing, experts say
Karen Weintraub
USA TODAY
When David Bennett Sr., 57, agreed to accept a pig heart as a
replacement for his own failing one, he took a huge chance.
His surgeon said he couldn’t promise whether Bennett would survive
an extra day, week or year with the new heart because a gene-edited pig heart
had never been tested in a person before.
Some have questioned whether Bennett, who served time in prison
for stabbing a man 34 years ago, should have been given a second shot at life.
But it’s not yet clear whether Bennett got a gift or a curse, said
Art Caplan, a bioethicist at New York University Langone Medical Center.
“I have seen so many first, cutting-edge experiments fail,” Caplan
said. “What’s going on here is more like: How do you pick which test pilot is
going to fly the first new dangerous aircraft?”
The first recipient of a permanent artificial heart, Barney Clark,
“suffered horribly, begged his investigator who gave him the artificial heart
to shut the thing off and let him die and they wouldn’t do it,” Caplan said.
Clark died in 1983, 112 days after receiving the device. He never
left the hospital.
Jesse Gelsinger, one of the first recipients of gene therapy,
endured a “horrible death” when his immune system went into overdrive, Caplan
said, and Stephanie Fae Beauclair, a newborn who lived for 21 days in 1984 with
a baboon heart beating inside “would have died (anyway), but died more
miserably than she would have if she hadn’t been in an experiment.”
Hank Greely, director of the Center for Law and the BioSciences at
Stanford School of Medicine, agreed that being first is a risky position.
“The odds that this is going to help him significantly in the long
run … are very small,” Greely said. “Some people will say, ‘Yeah, but that’s
better than dying.’ But that’s not necessarily true.” It’s not clear exactly what Bennett understood or expected about
the surgery, which was carefully explained to him after all his other treatment
options had been exhausted. He has not yet spoken publicly after the
transplant, though his recovery is going well. But his son said he wanted to
live and knew that even if he didn’t, the experience would help others.
“Bioethicists love to think that research participants are
motivated by altruism,” Greely said. “Far more are probably motivated by
probably exaggerated hope.” As to
whether Bennett’s past should have influenced his shot at a new heart, the
ethicists and doctors were unanimous: no.
Doctors treat the patient and don’t make judgments about whether
the person is deserving or not, said Karen Maschke, a research scholar at The
Hastings Center in Garrison, New York, who has a federal grant to study the
ethics of using animal organs in people.
“Should doctors treat someone convicted of a financial crime but
not a violent one?” Maschke said. Someone who was wealthy versus someone who
wasn’t? “How do you make those kind of decisions about people’s behaviors?”
Caplan said a big question with an experiment like
xenotransplantation is “when are you ready to try?”
At NYU, he came up with the idea of first testing the pig organ on
a recently deceased person, just as he has suggested that drug companies and
gene therapists first try their approach on the recently deceased before the
living.
In September, NYU Langone transplant surgeon Robert
Montgomeryexperimentally attached a pig kidney to a recently declared
brain-dead person. The kidney seemed to function well and the woman’s body
didn’t mount the kind of immediate immune reaction that has stopped
xenotransplantation for decades.
As the researchers in Maryland, Montgomery used a pig whose genes
had been edited to prevent rejection, though only one gene was deleted, while
the University of Maryland School of Medicine researchers used a pig with 10
gene edits.
In an essay provided to Newsweek, lead surgeon Bartley Griffith
said he’d long been inspired by “firsts” in medicine.
“I came out of that arena of gladiators. People who took on
disease and were kicking and fighting their way to new knowledge to help
patients,” he wrote.
Griffith said all he knew about Bennett was that he’d recently
driven a bus for nursing home patients – not about his criminal record.
“We don’t look at incarceration history and things like that, I
think that’s unethical,” Griffith wrote.
When Bennett woke up after the surgery, he thanked Griffith for
saving his life.
“It made me cry. It’s simple, but he meant it and it was pretty
special,” Griffith wrote. “All patients are precious to their surgeons. In the
field I work in, you have to have selective memory in order to come to work
every day. Not everything works out.”
Griffith said he’s proud to have been a part of the groundbreaking
surgery and sees no ethical issues in placing a human life in front of a pig’s.
He said he would not agree to use organs from primates, but pigs
are “far away from humans” genetically. “I’m honestly respectful of the
opposite opinion.”
The ethicists said they see no problem sacrificing pigs for the
sake of extending human lives.
Maschke said she hopes the scientific world will eventually move
away from using animals, but that time hasn’t yet arrived.
Greely said he loves bacon and “if eating an animal is OK when
there are lots of substitutes for that protein, using an organ to keep someone
alive when there aren’t substitutes” should be OK too.
Caplan agreed. “The place to worry about animal welfare is
breakfast not the medical use of pigs,” Caplan said.
“Those pigs, the ones that are genetically engineered are raised
on special farms, obviously have to be very healthy, can’t
be stressed and never suffer – they kill them, that’s true, but it’s not the
same at all as factory farming and some of the terrible practices that millions
and millions and millions of pigs are subjected to,” Caplan said. “The equation
for me comes out (for) saving human lives.”
Caplan also quickly disposed of the argument some people have made
that extending human lives will contribute to overpopulation.
“If you start down that road, you have to close down medicine,” he
said. “The route to controlling overpopulation is doing something about
reproduction, not letting the sick die.”
Caplan said he also hopes that Bennett understood that he would be
subjected to public scrutiny by going public with his identity. The hospital
might have done better by keeping his identity a secret, Caplan said. “Maybe if
you protect patient identity, in terms of privacy, you don’t create this kind
of whole tragic scenario,” where people are questioning whether Bennett
deserved the heart.
Shouldn’t the public know about the background of a high-profile
patient?
“The answer is no,” Caplan said.
Such publicity may deter future patients, and at minimum, a
patient needs to be told about the potential consequences before they agree to
make their identity public.” Caplan said.
Maschke said she has ethical questions about the procedure being
allowed under the Food and Drug Administration’s “compassionate use” criteria,
rather than as part of a clinical trial.
Although she trusts the scientific integrity of the University of
Maryland team, she said there is no requirement now that they reveal details of
their protocol or their criteria for selecting a patient, which would be a
contribution to the scientific field. More can be learned as part of a clinical
trial than a one-off procedure, she said.
It’s not clear what the FDA will do the next time doctors request
permission to transplant a pig organ in an effort to save a person’s life.
“That pathway is not without concern,” she said. Several groups are poised to request approval for clinical trials
in xenotransplantation as soon as this year, she said. But even if that
approval comes soon, it will be a long time before transplanting a pig organ
into a person will be shown to be safe and effective.
Health and patient safety coverage at USA TODAY is made possible
in part by a grant from the Masimo Foundation for Ethics, Innovation and
Competition in Healthcare. The Masimo Foundation does not provide editorial
input.
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